9.25A PARTICULAR RIGHTS—SIXTH AMENDMENT—RIGHT TO COMPULSORY PROCESS—INTERFERENCE WITH WITNESS

Under the Sixth Amendment, a criminal defendant has the right to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his or her favor. This right includes both the right to offer the testimony of witnesses, and to compel their attendance, if necessary. [Name of plaintiff] asserts that [name of defendant] interfered with this right and caused a favorable witness not to testify in [name of plaintiff]'s trial.

To prove that [name of defendant] unlawfully interfered with [name of plaintiff]'s right to present testimony, [name of plaintiff] must prove:

1.	That [name of defendant]'s conduct substantially interfered with [name of plaintiff]'s witness;

2.	that [name of defendant]'s conduct caused the witness not to testify; and

3.	that the witness' testimony would have been favorable and material.

Testimony is material if it would have been sufficient to cast doubt on the government's case.

[Testimony could have been material to [name of plaintiff]'s trial even if [name of plaintiff] was not convicted.]

Comment

This instruction is based on Park v. Thompson, 851 F.3d 910 (9th Cir. 2017).

As discussed in Park, the Ninth Circuit has not yet decided what the appropriate standard is to satisfy the causation element of this claim. See id. at 921-22 (comparing the various circuit court tests, including "plausible showing," "plausible nexus," "but for," and "decisive factor"). Although the Committee recognizes that trial courts may need to instruct juries regarding the standard for proving causation, it takes no position on the appropriate test pending further guidance from the Ninth Circuit or the Supreme Court.